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Evolution Korea South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist inclinations. However, it is more stable than one would expect. The country is looking for a new way of developing. A Confucian culture that stresses respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relations continues influence the way we live. However, there are signs that a secularist culture is beginning to emerge. Origins In prehistoric times the ancestors of the today's Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock and created furs. They established tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also developed an industry of metalworking, making bronze tools, and later iron ones. They also traded with other countries and introduced celadon and block printing to Japan and also styles of art as well as a written language and papermaking. Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. This state embraced Chinese culture that included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this time the inhabitants of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical state where the monarch and senior officials were from the land aristocracy, while the rest of the population was peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens and sometimes even required them to join the army or to build fortifications. By the end of the period, the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest of the peninsula, and fought against the Goguryeo commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje introduced elements of Confucian beliefs into its official beliefs and made the male centered filiopiety concept as a law in 1390 CE. Under the cover of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families. They were expected to be obedient to everyone and respected even by their children and grandchildren. Goryeo, a nation that ruled from 918 until 1392 CE and gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based upon the patterns created by the mouth when pronouncing. This greatly improved communication and led to a rise in the writing of Buddhist text. In addition, movable metal type printing was introduced, and woodblock printing was refined. It was during this period that the Samguk sagi or 'History of the Three Kingdoms' first appeared in 1145 CE. The evolution of Korea The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times onwards. Early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form cist graves paved with stones, and adorned with valuable items like amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, built from enormous single stones, are also widespread throughout the country. Gojoseon was the first state to be recognized in the first half of 1st millennium BCE. After that the peninsula was ruled by several states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCfrom 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. The northern part of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom, which historians do not believe to be a true Korean state. After the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Baekje, the most powerful of these states, was weakened by the collapse of Goguryeo (676 CE) and was left with only its southern territories in Manchuria, and western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo, and the Gaya confederacy, prospered for a time. The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to collaborate to expand their territories. In the final phase, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated all other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE. As Korea is entering a post-crisis period, its development paradigm seems to be in flux. The people who are affronted by the huge cost of the old system advocate a thorough program of liberalization of capital as well as labor markets. On the other hand, supporters of the old system seek to keep it in place by leveraging nationalist sentiments and generating fear about job losses. The academic and policy analysts remain in a tense debate about the extent to the extent that these two developments are driving Koreas shift towards a new model of economic governance. This article assesses developments to date, by looking at five phases of Korea's political development that include the illiberal democratic period (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and democratic participation (2002 to the present). This article also highlights the most important factors that are shaping these processes. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made strides in promoting their views to this segment. A 2009 survey showed that nearly a third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those who voted, 41% said that there wasn't enough scientific evidence to support evolution 39% claimed that the theory was in contradiction to their religious beliefs and 17% said it was difficult to understand. The level of doubt is similar to the United States where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from lesser advanced forms of life. In the past, the majority of the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on educating college students and leading them to Christ. An increase in interest in creation science came in the year 1980, following an all-day seminar that was held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the main speakers. This event attracted a large number of professors, church leaders, and scientists. The success of this event resulted in the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st, 1981. The meeting was covered extensively in the national press, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times. KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, where it covered its activities and published articles about the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR and also a few books on creationism that were already in print outside of Korea. KACR members also gave talks in churches and universities throughout the country. One instance of a KACR success story occurred at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were so interested in creationism, they raised money and secured funding to construct an enlightened museum on campus. In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION, which covers topics in the field of creation science, and it has hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. 에볼루션 룰렛 has also organized a network of local branches, which hold seminars and present talks to schoolchildren and community groups. The evolution of South Korea In the latter half of the nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced by miniskirts, as well as other foreign fashion elements. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. During this time, the famous samulnori, or masked dance dramas, were loved by the public. These dramatic dances were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as various musical instruments. The economic crisis has shaped Korea's new paradigm of development. The main challenge for the new regime is to strike a balance between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring, or discipline schemes that have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4. Baekje, founded by Onjo the prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other areas as well as migrant workers from northern China. Baekje was one of the major regional powers in the early 4th century, expanded its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. In the process, it entered into frequent confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders across the border. The fall of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries saw powerful local factions to rise. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He controlled a part of today's Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He became an adversary to Goguryeo. However his rule was not long-lasting. After Gungye was defeated by an influential local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935, Later Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as an heir state. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central rule system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was then controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually developed into powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.